This is the author's life's work, a culmination of over half a century of English grammar research.
It is not only an academic book that organizes a wealth of examples based on the author's grammatical perspective, but also a reference grammar that can be kept close at hand and consulted whenever a question about English grammar arises. In doing so, the author has not only described the "how" of English grammatical phenomena, but has also sought to answer the "why" of them. The greatest feature of this book can be summed up in one word: "explanatory grammar."
■The cross-references are detailed, and the index, in particular, is detailed and easy to use, with the aim of answering any and all questions the reader may have about English grammar.
■Important topics (modal verbs, complement structures, etc.) are described in-depth and in-depth.
■ It clarifies regional differences such as "American," "British," and "Northern British," differences in English style such as "archaic," "formal," "informal," "elegant," irony, and nonsense, and registers of use such as law and commerce.
■ Noteworthy sections are provided throughout to address somewhat specialized or advanced topics, and the book also incorporates extensive insights unearthed in generative grammar and cognitive linguistics in a format that is easy for the general reader to understand.
■ Examples are taken from literary works wherever possible, and the number of examples is large. This is because it is in the realm of literature that the most creative uses of language are seen, and because I believe that, in a sense, the quality of the examples is what clarifies a grammar book.
■ Comparisons are made throughout with similar expressions in other languages, such as Japanese, German, and French. This is because I believe this should raise awareness of the universality of human language.
■ Historical explanations are also provided where necessary. Because English has a long history and old usage persists in modern English, there are many linguistic phenomena that can only be explained from a historical perspective.
7th Society of English Usage and Grammar Award Winner
l Table of Contents
Preface
Legend
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Sentences and Their Elements
1.2. Words, Phrases, and Clauses
1.3. Types of Sentences
Chapter 2: Sentence Patterns
2.1. What is a Sentence Pattern?
2.2. Basic Sentence Patterns
2.3. Derived Sentence Patterns
Chapter 3: Sentence Elements
3.1. Subject
3.2. Object
3.3. Complement
3.4. Quasi-Complement
3.5. Obligatory Adverbial Phrases
3.6. Sentence Elements
3.7. Semantic Roles of the Main Sentence Elements
Chapter 4: Tense and Aspect
4.0. Overview
4.1. Three Points of Time
4.2. Tense and Aspect/Aspect
4.3. Aspect of Lexical Verbs Characteristics
Chapter 5: Present Tense
5.0. Overview
5.1. Referring to the Present
5.2. Referring to the Past
5.3. Referring to the Future
5.4. Perfect Present Tense
5.5. Transtemporal Present
5.6. The Essential Meaning of the Present Tense
Chapter 6: Past Tense
6.0. Overview
6.1. Referring to the Past
6.2. Special Uses of the Past Tense
6.3. The Essential Meaning of the Past Tense
Chapter 7: Expressions Expressing Future Time
7.0. Overview
7.1. Expressions Expressing Future Time
7.2. Other Expressions
7.3. Comparison of Forms
Chapter 8: Progressive Tense
8.0. Overview
8.1. Characteristics of the Progressive Tense
8.2. Use of the Progressive Tense
8.3. Special Uses of the Progressive Tense
Chapter 9: Perfect Tense
9.0. Overview
9.1. Present Perfect Tense
9.2. Past Perfect Tense
9.3. Future Perfect Tense
Chapter 10: Perfect Progressive Tense
10.0. Overview
10.1. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
10.2. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
10.3. Future Perfect Progressive Tense
Chapter 11: Be, Have, Do
11.0. Overview
11.1. Use of Be, Have, and Do
Chapter 12: Interrogative Words
12.0. Overview
12.1. Interrogative Pronouns
12.2. Interrogative Adverbs
12.3. Indirect Questions
Chapter 13: Relative Clauses
13.0. Overview
13.1. Relative Pronouns
13.2. Free Relative Clauses
13.3. As, Than, But
13.4. Relative Adverbs
Chapter 14: Infinitives
14.0. Overview
14.1. Noun Use of the "To" Infinitive
14.2. Adjective Use of the "To" Infinitive
14.3. Adverbial Use of the "To" Infinitive
14.4. Verb Use of the "To" Infinitive
14.5. Use of the Bare Infinitive
14.6. Subjects of Infinitives
14.7. Other Uses of the Infinitive
Chapter 15: Participles
15.0. Overview
15.1. As Noun Modifiers
15.2. As Subject Complements
15.3. As Quasi-Subject Complements
15.4. As Predicates of Complementary Sentences
15.5. Participial Clauses
Chapter 16: Gerunds
16.0. Overview
16.1. Gerund Usage
16.2. Three Types of Gerunds
16.3. Subjects of Gerunds
16.4. Gerunds and the Perfect Infinitive
16.5. Gerunds
16.6. Gerunds and Infinitives
16.7. Idiomatic Expressions Containing Gerunds
Chapter 17: Modal Verbs
17.0. Overview
17.1. Meaning and Usage of Present Tense Forms
17.2. "Modal Verbs + Perfect Infinitive"
17.3. Meaning and Usage of Past Tense Forms
17.4. Summary
17. 5. "Past Tense Modal Verb + Perfect Infinitive"
17.6. Radical and Cognitive Uses
Chapter 18: Voice
18.1. Characteristics of the Passive Voice
18.2. Constraints on the Passive Voice
18.3. Get Passive Voice
18.4. Passive Voice in Various Constructions
Chapter 19: Predicates
19.0. Overview
19.1. Predicates in the Present
19.2. Predicates in the Past
19.3 . Predicate Past Perfect
19.4. Equivalents of "if" Clauses
19.5. Omission of Conditional and Consequential Clauses
Chapter 20: Nouns
20.0. Overview
20.1. Use of Noun Phrases
20.2. Types of Nouns
20.3. Gender of Nouns
20.4. Number of Nouns
20.5. Case in English
Chapter 21: Pronouns
21.0. Overview
21.1. Persons Personal Pronouns
21.2. Special Uses of Personal Pronouns
21.3. Use of the Personal Pronoun "it"
21.4. Direct and Retrograde Anaphora
21.5. Reflexive Pronouns
21.6. Demonstrative Pronouns
Chapter 22: Articles
22.0. Overview
22.1. Definite Articles
22.2. Indefinite Articles
22.3. Article Order
22.4. Article Omission and Repetition
Chapter 23: Adjectives
23.0. Overview
23.1. Characteristics of Adjectives
23.2. Use of Adjectives
23.3. Order of Adjectives
23.4. Semantic Subclassification of Adjectives
Chapter 24: Quantifiers
24.0. Overview
24.1. Characteristics of Quantifiers
24.2. Indefinite Quantifiers
24.3. Numerals
24.4. Reading Numbers
Chapter 2 Chapter 5: Adverbs
25.0. Overview
25.1. Classification of Adverbs
25.2. VP Adverbs
25.3. Sentence Adverbs
25.4. Hierarchy and Placement of Adverbs
25.5. Topical Adverbs
25.6. Adverbs to Watch Out For
25.7. Adverbs with Confusing Meanings and Usage
25.8. Hierarchy of Adverbial Clauses
25.9. Conjunctional Adverbs
Chapter 26: Comparative Constructions 26.0. Overview
26.1. Comparative Changes
26.2. Conditions for Comparison
26.3. Comparative Construction Structure
26.4. Aspects of Comparative Constructions
26.5. Pseudo-Comparisons
26.6. Comparative Expressions to Watch Out For
26.7. Phrases for Emphasizing Comparatives and Superlatives
26.8. Idiomatic Expressions Including Comparisons
Chapter 27: Conjunctions
27.1. Coordination and Subordination Position
27.2. Conjunctions
27.3. Correlative Conjunctions
27.4. Subordinating Conjunctions Introducing Noun Clauses
27.5. Subordinating Conjunctions Introducing Adverbial Clauses
Chapter 28: Prepositions
28.1. Types of Prepositions
28.2. Prepositional Structure and Function
28.3. Postpositional Positioning
28.4. Prepositional Ellipsis
28.5. Prepositions of Place
28.6. Time Prepositions
28.7. Other Prepositions
Chapter 29: Negation
29.0. Overview
29.1. Sentence Negation
29.2. Constituent Negation
29.3. Quantifiers and Negation
29.4. Other Issues in Negation
Chapter 30: Conditional Sentences
30.0. Overview
30.1. Aspects of Conditional Sentences
30.2. Other Conditional Sentences
30.3. Presupposed Clause Construction Structure
Chapter 31: Agreement
31.0. Overview
31.1. Subject and Predicate Verb
31.2. Determiners and Nouns
31.3. Other Number Agreement
31.4. Case Agreement
31.5. Gender Agreement
31.6. Aspect Agreement
Chapter 32: Tense Anaphora
32.1. Tense Anaphora
32.2. Principles of Tense Anaphora and Nonanaphora
32.3 Verbs A and B
32.4. Cases Without Tense Anaphora
Chapter 33: Direct and Indirect Speech
33.0. Overview
33.1. Direct Speech
33.2. Indirect Speech
33.3. Mixed Speech
33.4. Indirect Speech, Including Compound and Complex Sentences
33.5. Free Speech
Chapter 34: Substitutes and Ellipses
34.0. Overview
34.1. Substitutes 34.2. Omission
Chapter 35: Phrasal Verbs
35.0. Overview
35.1. Type 1: "Intransitive Verb + Adverb"
35.2. Type 2: "Intransitive Verb + Preposition"
35.3. Type 3: "Intransitive Verb + Adverb + Preposition"
35.4. Type 4: "Transitive Verb + Adverb"
35.5. Syntactic Distinction between Type 4 and Type 2
35.6. Type 5: "Verb + Object + Adverb"
35.7. Type 6: "Transitive Verb + Noun Phrase + Preposition"
35.8. Type 7: "Intransitive Verb + Prepositional Phrase + Prepositional Phrase"
35.9. Type 8: "Transitive Verb + Noun Phrase + Adverb + Preposition"
35.10. Other Types
Chapter 36: Information Structure
36.1. Information Structure of the Sentence
36.2. Unmarked Topics
36.3. Marked Topics
36.4. Demonstrative Sentences
36.5. Transference
36.6. Emphasis
Chapter 37: Complement Structures
37.0. Overview
37.1. Complements and Adjuncts
37.2. Noun Complement Structures
37.3. Adjective Complement Structures
37.4. Verb Complement Structures
37.5. Adverbial and Prepositional Complement Structures
Chapter 38: Movement of Elements
38.0. Overview 38.1. Head Shift
38.2. NP Shift
38.3. Wh Shift
38.4. Rightward Shift
Chapter 39: Sentence Functions
39.1. Declarative Sentences
39.2. Yes/No Questions
39.3. Wh Shifts
39.4. Other Questions
39.5. Imperative Sentences
39.6. Exclamatory Sentences
39.7. Short Sentences
References
Index
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